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| 1860 |
| | | Lincoln becomes the Republican presidential candidate, benefiting from a Democratic party split on the issue of slavery | |
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| c. 1860 |
| | | German immigrants arriving in the USA now outnumber even the Irish | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Florence Nightingale opens a training school for nurses in St Thomas's Hospital, establishing nursing as a profession | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Garibaldi crosses from Sicily to the mainland and by September is in Naples | |
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| 1860-1863 |
| | | Work starts on the Temperate House (after the contractor William Cubitt has altered Burton's designs) and the main block and the octagons are completed by 1863. The government then halts the project because of severe cost overruns. | |
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| 1860s |
| | | Mortlake’s brewery becomes prosperous through contracts supplying beer (India Pale Ale) to the British army in India | |
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| 1860 |
| | | US adventurer William Walker, thrown out of Nicaragua in 1857, is executed in Honduras | |
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| 1860 |
| | | British and French forces occupy Beijing and burn the imperial summer palace, at the end of the Second Opium War | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Republican contender Abraham Lincoln is elected US president with only 39% of the popular vote and no electoral votes in eleven southern states | |
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| 1860 |
| | | South Carolina becomes the first southern state to secede from the Union in response to Lincoln's election | |
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