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| c. 240 BC |
| | | Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 201 BC |
| | | Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War | |
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| 406 |
| | | The Vandals cross the Rhine into Gaul and move into Spain, from which the Visigoths soon push them on into Africa | |
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| c. 550 |
| | | Most of Spain is by now in the hands of the Visigoths, though for a while the Byzantines win back territories in the south | |
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| 711 |
| | | Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo | |
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| 718 |
| | | Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias | |
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| 1062 |
| | | Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain | |
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| 1094 |
| | | Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid, drives out the Muslims and wins Valencia | |
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| 1147 |
| | | Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital | |
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| 1492 |
| | | The army of Ferdinand and Isabella besieges and takes the city of Granada, completing the long reconquest of Spain from the Muslims | |
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