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| c. 2500 BC |
| | | A small neolithic community builds a village at Skara Brae in the Orkneys, of stone houses with built-in stone furniture | |
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| 83 |
| | | Agricola defeats the tribes of Scotland at an unidentified place called Mons Graupius, probably almost as far north as Aberdeen | |
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| c. 100 |
| | | The first accounts of Scotland, written by the Romans, name the Caledonii as the most important tribe of the region | |
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| c. 250 |
| | | The Picts win a dominant position among tribes in the northern regions of Britain, or Scotland | |
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| 563 |
| | | St Columba establishes a monastery on the island of Iona, from which Celtic Christianity is carried to Scotland and northern England | |
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| c. 600 |
| | | The Scots, a tribal group of northern Ireland, extend their kingdom across the sea into Scotland | |
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| c. 620 |
| | | The Irish monk St Aidan moves from Iona to establish a monastery on Lindisfarne | |
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| c. 698 |
| | | The Lindisfarne Gospels are written and illuminated by Celtic monks on the Scottish island of Lindisfarne | |
|  | Lindisfarne Gospels
British Library
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| 843 |
| | | Kenneth king of the Scots is accepted also as king of the Picts, providing the traditional founding event of the kingdom of Scotland | |
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| c. 850 |
| | | Vikings are by now securely established in the Orkneys, Shetlands and Hebrides, and in much of the Scottish mainlaid down to Loch Ness | |
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