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| 1517 |
| | | Leonardo da Vinci moves to France, on the invitation of Francis I | |
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| 1520 |
| | | Luther's writings are burnt in Rome by order of the pope | |
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| c. 1520 |
| | | Mannerism develops in Italy in the work of the painters Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino | |
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| 1521 |
| | | Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther after he has refused to recant | |
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| 1525 |
| | | The French king, Francis I, is taken prisoner by the Spanish at the battle of Pavia | |
|  | Near-contemporary painting of the battle
Royal Armouries
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| 1527 |
| | | Pope Clement VII hides in Castel Sant'Angelo while Rome is sacked by German mercenaries | |
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| 1540 |
| | | Pope Paul III establishes Ignatius Loyola and his followers as the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Pope Paul III establishes the Roman Inquisition, with the specific task of fighting against the Protestant heresy | |
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| 1545 |
| | | The Italian players of the commedia dell'arte first feature in the records in this year | |
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| 1545 |
| | | A council of the Roman Catholic church is convened in Trent, to establish the tenets of the Counter-Reformation | |
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