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| c. 1000 |
| | | The Inca ethnic group migrates into the region of the Cuzco valley in Peru | |
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| 1438 |
| | | After a decisive victory over the Chanca people, a young Inca prince seizes the throne in Peru and takes the name Pachacuti | |
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| c. 1440 |
| | | Cuzco, city of the Incas, grows rapidly in power after Pachacuti ('transformer of the earth') becomes emperor | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | The massive architecture of the Incas, consisting of finely dressed irregular blocks of stone, becomes a feature of Cuzco | |
|  | Masonry in Cuzco
Photograph Josceline Dimbleby
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| c. 1450 |
| | | The most sacred of the Inca divinities, Punchao, is symbolized by a great golden disc representing the sun | |
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| 1463 |
| | | The Chimu empire in Peru is conquered by the Incas under the leadership of Pachacuti's son Topa | |
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| 1471 |
| | | Topa succeeds his father, Pachacuti, as emperor of the Incas | |
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| 1487 |
| | | The Inca empire is extended to the north and a second capital is established at Quito | |
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| 1493 |
| | | On Topa's death his son Huayna Capac succeeds to the throne as Inca emperor | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | Even the remote city of Machu Picchu, on its peak above the jungle, is built in the massively precise Inca style of masonry | |
|  | Machu Picchu
Photograph Josceline Dimbleby
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