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| 632 |
| | | The death of Muhammad at Medina is followed by the election of the first caliph, Abu Bakr, a father-in-law of the prophet | |
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| 634 |
| | | Omar, another father-in-law of Muhammad, is elected as the second Muslim caliph (the word means 'sucessor to the Messenger of God') | |
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| 644 |
| | | After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Under the caliph Othman, the revelations made to Muhammad are collected in their definitive form as the Qur'an | |
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| 656 |
| | | Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra | |
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| 661 |
| | | Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty | |
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| 750 |
| | | The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate | |
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| 762 |
| | | The Abbasid caliphs create Baghdad as a new capital city on the Tigris | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | The luxury of Baghdad, under the caliph Harun al-Rashid, is evident in the Thousand and One Nights | |
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