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| 1856 |
| | | English chemist William Henry Perkin accidentally creates the first synthetic die, aniline purple (now known as mauve) | |
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| 1861 |
| | | English chemist and physicist William Crookes isolates a new element, thallium | |
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| 1867 |
| | | Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel patents dynamite, making the volatile explosive nitroglycerine safer by combining it with kieselguhr | |
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| 1869 |
| | | Dmitry Mendeleyev reads to the Russian Chemical Society in St Petersburg his formulation of the periodic table | |
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| 1895 |
| | | Scottish chemist William Ramsay isolates the element helium | |
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| 1898 |
| | | British chemists William Ramsay and Morris Travers isolate the element c | |
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| 1898 |
| | | British chemists William Ramsay and Morris Travers isolate the element neon | |
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| 1898 |
| | | British chemists William Ramsay and Morris Travers isolate the element xenon | |
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| 1898 |
| | | Marie Curie and her husband Pierre isolate a new element which they name polonium in honour of her native Poland | |
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| 1898 |
| | | Marie and Pierre Curie isolate the element radium, working without any protection because unaware of the danger of radioactivity | |
|  | Pierre and Marie Curie in their laboratory
Wellcome Library, London
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