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| 1600 |
| | | William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, concludes that the earth is a magnet and coins the term 'magnetic pole' | |
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| 1600 |
| | | Electricity is given its name (in the Latin phrase vis electrica) by the English physician, William Gilbert | |
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| 1638 |
| | | Galileo's Discorsi, published in Leiden, lays the groundwork for mathematical physics | |
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| 1646 |
| | | With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude | |
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| 1654 |
| | | Otto von Guericke uses sixteen horses to demonstrate in Regensburg the power of a vacuum | |
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| 1665 |
| | | Isaac Newton spends a creative period in Lincolnshire, at home in Woolsthorpe Manor, apples or no apples | |
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| 1672 |
| | | Isaac Newton's experiments with the prism demonstrate the link between wavelength and colour in light | |
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| 1676 |
| | | Ole Roemer, a Danish astronomer working with Cassini in Paris, calculates the speed of light with an error of only 25% | |
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| 1678 |
| | | Christiaan Huygens expounds the theory that light consists of a vibration forming a ripple of waves | |
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| 1687 |
| | | Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, proving gravity to be a constant in all physical systems | |
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