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| c. 1285 |
| | | Osman inherits the leadership of the tribal group later known by a version of his name, as the Ottoman Turks | |
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| 1354 |
| | | Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe | |
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| 1389 |
| | | Victory at Kosovo gives the Ottoman Turks control over Serbia, which becomes a vassal state | |
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| 1393 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan Bayazid I brings the Slav kingdom of Bulgaria under his control | |
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| 1402 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan Bayazid is defeated and captured near Ankara by Timur, who keeps the sultan in captivity until his death the following year | |
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| 1443 |
| | | Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Christian boys, trained as slaves in the personal service of the Turkish sultan, acquire considerable power as the elite corps of janissaries | |
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| 1453 |
| | | The Turks terrify Constantinople by lobbing vast stones at the city from a 19-ton bombard of cast iron | |
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| 1453 |
| | | Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city | |
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| 1453 |
| | | The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks | |
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