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| c. 500,000 years ago |
| | | Peking man shelters in caves south of modern Beijing, leaving many scraps of evidence of his way of life | |
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| c. 2500 BC |
| | | The delicate seals of the Indus civilization are in a script as yet undeciphered | |
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| c. 2500 BC |
| | | Yarns of spun cotton survive at Mohenjo-daro, one of the two great cities of the Indus civilization | |
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| c. 2500 BC |
| | | Harappa becomes one of the main cities of the Indus civilization | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | The water buffalo, domesticated somewhere in southeast Asia, features on the seals of the Indus civilization | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | The elephant is tamed in the Indus civilization | |
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| c. 1500 BC |
| | | Indo-European tribes, known collectively as Aryans, enter India from the northwest | |
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| c. 1500 BC |
| | | The Aryans bring into India the roots of Hinduism, with the Brahmans as a priestly caste | |
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| c. 1500 BC |
| | | Sacrificial hymns of the Aryans, gathered in the Rigveda, become the earliest Sanskrit literature | |
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| c. 600 BC |
| | | Phoenicians sail round the Cape of Good Hope and bring back the surprising news that the sun was seen to the north of them | |
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