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| | | | Physics |
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| c. 13.7 billion years ago |
| | | Big Bang, an unimaginably large explosion from an unimaginably small particle - according to modern theory the first moment of the universe | |
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| c. 12 billion years ago |
| | | The first galaxies begin to form, as self-contained gravitational systems with gases gradually coalescing into stars | |
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| c. 4.6 billion years ago |
| | | A new galaxy, the Milky Way, forms - and one of its stars is our sun | |
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| c. 4.6 billion years ago |
| | | The new star settles down, while nuclear dust in the vicinity coalesces into planets and asteroids orbiting the sun | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Greeks are intrigued by the iron-attracting property of a mineral which they find in the district of Magnesia | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Greeks observe the strange effect of electricity, seen when amber (known to them as electron) is rubbed | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | | Archimedes (it is said) leaps out of his bath shouting eureka ('I have found it') when he perceives how to test for relative density | |
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| 1600 |
| | | William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, concludes that the earth is a magnet and coins the term 'magnetic pole' | |
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| 1600 |
| | | Electricity is given its name (in the Latin phrase vis electrica) by the English physician, William Gilbert | |
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| 1638 |
| | | Galileo's Discorsi, published in Leiden, lays the groundwork for mathematical physics | |
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