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| | | | Commerce and industry |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The earliest known currency, consisting of gold bars, is in use in Egypt and Mespotamia | |
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| c. 2500 BC |
| | | Trade lnks, probably by sea in Phoenician ships from Byblos, are established between Egypt and Phoenicia | |
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| c. 2400 BC |
| | | Clay tablets discovered at Ebla reveal a busy trading economy reinforced by aggressive military policies | |
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| c. 2400 BC |
| | | The rich trading city of Mari, on the Euphrates, is an important centre in northern Mesopotamia | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Trade is carried on from Crete round the Mediterranean as far west as Sicily and in the east down to Egypt | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Administrative records and accounts at Knossos are kept in a script, as yet undeciphered, known as Linear A | |
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| c. 1750 BC |
| | | Priests in Babylon make loans from the temple treasure, introducing the concept of banking | |
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| c. 1300 BC |
| | | Mycenaean merchants trade as far west as Spain and have links with neolithic societies far away in the interior of Europe | |
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| c. 1000 BC |
| | | Petra acquires importance and wealth from its position on caravan routes from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean | |
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| c. 1000 BC |
| | | The abacus is used as an everyday method of calculation by Phoenicians and Babylonians | |
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