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| | | West Africa |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | Nok terracotta figures, found in modern Nigeria, stand at the beginning of the rich tradition of African sculpture | |
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| c. 700 |
| | The ancient kingdom of Ghana is the first to be established at the southern end of the Saharan trade routes | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | Ife emerges as a powerful kingdom in the equatorial forest of the lower Niger | |
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| c. 1200 |
| | Terracotta heads and figures are buried in graves in the region of Djenné in modern Mali | |
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| c. 1240 |
| | A warlord, Sundiata, conquers Ghana and establishes the kingdom of Mali | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | The Yoruba people of Ife create extraordinary sculptures in brass | |
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| 1446 |
| | Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | A warrior king, Ewuare, establishes the forest kingdom of Benin | |
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| 1462 |
| | Portuguese settlers arrive to found Cidade Velha, on the Cape Verde island of Santiago | |
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