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| | | | Portugal |
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| 1139 |
| | | Victory over the Muslims at Ourique is seen as the moment of Portugal's independence from the kingdom of Leon | |
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| 1147 |
| | | Alfonso I takes Lisbon from the Muslims, with the unexpected help of some passing English crusaders | |
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| 1147 |
| | | Gilbert of Hastings, an English priest, becomes bishop of the recovered see of Lisbon - the first of many such links between England and Portugal | |
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| 1385 |
| | | The victory at Aljubarrota, securing the Portuguese throne for John I, is commemorated in the Dominican abbey called Batalha | |
|  | The abbey of Batalha
Fotofile CG
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| 1386 |
| | | John I, newly victorious in Portugal, proposes an alliance with England which has never been revoked | |
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| 1415 |
| | | A Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, becomes fascinated by exploration down the coast of Africa and commissions successive voyages | |
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| c. 1420 |
| | | The Portuguese, discovering the lush and uninhabited island of Madeira, send colonists to settle it | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | The caravel, a sailing ship developed in the Mediterranean and used down the west coast of Africa, is adapted by the Portuguese for Atlantic use | |
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| 1493 |
| | | Pope Alexander VI draws a line through the Atlantic, dividing new discoveries between Spain (west) and Portugal (east) | |
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| 1494 |
| | | In negotiations about the New World at Tordesillas, the king of Portugal insists on a new demarcation line which later brings him Brazil | |
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