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| | | France |
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| c. 31,000 years ago |
| | Rhinoceroses, lions and mammoth feature on the walls of the Chauvet cave, in southern France | |
| | Rhinoceros in the Chauvet cave
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | A passage grave with a superb corbelled dome is constructed on the Île Longue off the southern coast of Brittany | |
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| 121 BC |
| | The Romans establish a province in the south of France, still acknowledged in the name Provence | |
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| 102 BC |
| | The Roman general Gaius Marius defeats the Teutones, a German tribe which has made deep inroads into southern Gaul | |
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| 58 BC |
| | At the end of his year as consul, Caesar travels north to become governor of northern Italy and southern France | |
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| 52 BC |
| | The Celtic leader Vercingetorix inflicts an unaccustomed defeat on Julius Caesar, at Gergovia, but is captured later in the year | |
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| 52 BC |
| | In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls | |
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| c. 20 |
| | The Romans construct the massive Pont du Gard to bring water to the city of Nîmes | |
| | Pont du Gard Fotofile CG
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| 177 |
| | On the order of Marcus Aurelius, Christians in Lyons are tortured to death - an instance of persecution unusual at this time | |
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| 314 |
| | Warming to his new Christian role, Constantine summons more than 300 bishops to Arles to discuss the controversial issue of Donatus | |
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