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| | | | East Europe |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The language of a single tribe in eastern Europe, as recently as 3000 BC, is the ancestor of all modern Indo-European languages | |
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| c. 1500 BC |
| | | The Slavs settle in the regions of eastern Europe and western Russia | |
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| c. -850 BC |
| | | Citium, in Cyprus, is the first of many Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean | |
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| c. 667 BC |
| | | Byzantium (the future Constantinople) is founded as a colony of Megara, a Greek city-state | |
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| 478 BC |
| | | In the last joint campaign by Sparta and Athens the strategically important city of Byzantium is liberated from Persian rule | |
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| 106 |
| | | After two campaigns by Trajan the rich region of Dacia (today's Romania) is brought under Rome's control | |
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| c. 250 |
| | | The Goths split into two major groups, the Visigoths northwest of the Black Sea and the Ostrogoths further east | |
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| 284 |
| | | Diocletian, commanding an army near the Bosphorus in Thracia, is proclaimed emperor by his troops | |
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| c. 300 |
| | | Horses strong enough to carry men wearing armour are put to good use by northern barbarians, and by Romans in border regions such as Dacia | |
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| 305 |
| | | Diocletian resigns from his position as Augustus because of ill health, and retires to Dalmatia | |
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