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| | | | Central Asia |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Grapes are cultivated in the region of the Caspian see, where the grape vine Vitis vinifera is indigenous | |
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| c. 3800 BC |
| | | Copper is extracted from ore by smelting at various sites in Iran | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | On the steppes of central Asia tribesmen tame, breed and eventually ride horses | |
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| c. 1500 BC |
| | | The composite bow, accurate to 200 yards, is used by warriors in Asia fighting from chariots and on horseback | |
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| c. 1000 BC |
| | | The nomadic fighters of the steppes, nimble on horseback and shooting arrows as they go, pioneer the techniques of cavalry warfare | |
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| c. 580 BC |
| | | The Iranian prophet Zoroaster teaches that there is one god, Ahura Mazda | |
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| 550 BC |
| | | Cyrus, king of the Persians, takes Ecbatana, capital city of the Medes, and establishes the first Persian empire | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | Polo originates in the Persian empire, probably as part of the training of the imperial cavalry | |
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| c. 545 BC |
| | | Cyrus annexes the Greek territory of Ionia as part of his empire, giving Persia a presence on the Aegean | |
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| 539 BC |
| | | A Persian army captures Babylon and brings it into the empire of Cyrus the Great | |
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