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| | | | Canada |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | Leif Ericsson claims to have made landfall at three places in north America, one of which he names Vinland - the land of wine | |
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| c. 1010 |
| | | Thorfinn Karlsefni leads an expedition to north America, traces of which may survive in a longhouse at L'Anse aux Meadows | |
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| 1492 |
| | | The world's first globe is published by Martin Behaim without showing America, in the very year of Columbus' voyage | |
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| 1497 |
| | | Henry VII commissions the Italian navigator John Cabot to cross the Atlantic in search of new territories for England | |
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| 1497 |
| | | John Cabot, searching for a trade route to China, probably reaches Newfoundland | |
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| 1534 |
| | | French explorer Jacques Cartier charts the Gulf of St Lawrence and, in 1525, explores up the river as far as Montreal | |
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| 1535 |
| | | Cartier, welcomed by the Huron Indians, gives their island in the St Lawrence river the name of Montreal | |
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| 1583 |
| | | Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland on behalf of England's queen Elizabeth | |
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| 1608 |
| | | Quebec is founded by Samuel de Champlain as a centre for the French fur trade | |
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| 1611 |
| | | Henry Hudson, after wintering in Hudson Bay, is set adrift in an open boat by his mutinous crew | |
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