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| | | | Central Africa |
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| c. 5000 BC |
| | | The Sahara, damp enough for the hippopotamus, supports neolithic communities until it begins to dry up in about 3000 BC | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Bantu-speaking tribes begin to spread through Africa, from their original homelands south of the Sahara | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Africa south of the equatorial forests is largely inhabited by the Khoisan, of whom the San and the Hottentots are the modern survivors | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | The salt mines of the Sahara provide a staple commodity in the African caravan trade | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| 1483 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river | |
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| c. 1850 |
| | | The Scottish missionary David Livingstone is profoundly shocked by what he sees of the slave trade at the heart of Africa | |
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| 1874 |
| | | Stanley sets off from Bagamoyo, intending to resume the exploration of central Africa where Livingstone left off | |
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| 1876 |
| | | Stanley passes Nyangwe on the Lualaba, the furthest point down the Congo river system reached by Livingstone | |
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| 1877 |
| | | Stanley completes his exploration of the Congo, reaching the Atlantic coast at Boma after a three-year journey | |
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