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| | | | Belgium and Netherlands |
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| c. 20 BC |
| | | The Netherlands, or 'low countries' around the Rhine delta, enter history as the Roman province of Germania Inferior | |
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| 431 |
| | | Halted by a Roman army in their push southwards, the Franks settle in the Roman province of Belgica, around Tournai | |
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| 695 |
| | | Willibrord, recently arrived from England to convert the Frisians, is consecrated archbishop of a new see in Utrecht | |
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| c. 1200 |
| | | Flemish towns begin to acquire municipal independence, as communes, following the earlier Italian trend | |
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| 1369 |
| | | The marriage of the duke of Burgundy to the heiress of Flanders lays the foundation for the great territorial expansion of Burgundy | |
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| c. 1430 |
| | | Robert Campin, also known as the Master of Flémalle, brings to Flemish painting a natural and everyday quality which is entirely new | |
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| 1432 |
| | | A new altarpiece is installed in the cathedral in Ghent, introducing the powerful realism of Jan van Eyck | |
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| 1434 |
| | | Giovanni Arnolfini, a merchant from Lucca trading in Bruges, commissions from van Eyck a portrait of himself and his wife | |
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| 1435 |
| | | Chancellor Nicolas Rolin, of Burgundy, commissions an altarpiece from Jan van Eyck | |
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| 1435 |
| | | Rogier van der Weyden, the third in the extraordinary trio of Flemish artists of the 1430s, is appointed painter to the city of Brussels | |
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