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| 1946 |
| | | The first of about 20 US tests of atomic and hydrogen bombs is carried out on Bikini Atoll, in the Pacific | |
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| 1947 |
| | | Hungarian-born British engineer Dennis Gabor creates the first three-dimensional image from reflected light, subsequently known as a hologram | |
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| 1947 |
| | | The first transistor is produced in the Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey | |
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| 1949 |
| | | The first Soviet atomic bomb, called by the Americans Joe One, is successfully tested in Kazakhstan | |
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| 1950 |
| | | In response to the Soviet atom bomb, President Truman announces a crash programme to develop a hydrogen bomb | |
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| 1951 |
| | | The first hydrogen bomb is successfully tested by the US at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands | |
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| 1952 |
| | | X-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin, working at King's College in London, photographs DNA | |
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| 1953 |
| | | The first Soviet hydrogen bomb is successfully tested at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan | |
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| 1964 |
| | | US physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover cosmic background radiation, lending strong support to the Big Bang theory | |
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| 1974 |
| | | British physicist Stephen Hawking describes how black holes can emit radiation, a process now known as 'Hawking radiation' | |
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