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| 1963 |
| | | Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space, flying solo in Vostok 6 | |
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| 1963 |
| | | British diplomat Kim Philby defects to the USSR and is discovered to have been a Soviet spy | |
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| 1963 |
| | | The Partial Test Ban Treaty, signed by the USA, USSR and UK, is the first of many international attempts to limit the threat of nuclear war | |
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| 1964 |
| | | Nikita Khrushchev is forced from office as Soviet leader by a conservative faction that includes Leonid Brezhnev | |
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| 1964 |
| | | The USSR enters a brief period of coalition leadership by Alexei Kosygin as prime minister and Leonid Brezhnev as Party First Secretary | |
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| 1964 |
| | | Surgeons Michael Bakey in the USA and Vasilii Kolesov in the USSR pioneer coronary bypass surgery, using the patient's mammary artery | |
|  | Coronary artery bypass graft
Wellcome Photo Library
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| 1965 |
| | | Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov is the first to walk in space, moving round outside the Voshkod 2 spacecraft for more than ten minutes | |
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| 1966 |
| | | The Soviet spacecraft Luna 9 is the first to achieve a soft-landing on the moon and to send back photographic data from the surface | |
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| 1966 |
| | | The Soviet spacecraft Luna 10 orbits the moon and broadcasts the Internationale to the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party | |
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| 1966 |
| | | Leonid Brezhnev, taking the title General Secretary (last used by Stalin), makes it plain that he is the Soviet leader | |
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