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| 1936 |
| | | Francisco Franco is elected head of state of the insurgent Nationalist Spain, at this time controlling only a fraction of the country | |
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| 1936 |
| | | The first volunteers in the International Brigade arrive in Spain to fight for the Republican cause in the civil war | |
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| 1936 |
| | | The Spanish Civil War causes the Basque designer Cristobal Balenciaga to move his business to Paris, capital of the fashion world | |
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| 1936 |
| | | Hungarian photographer Robert Capa achieves an unprecedented immediacy in his coverage of the Spanish Civil War | |
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| 1937 |
| | | The Nationalist leader in Spain, Francisco Franco, merges Falange with other right-wing parties to form the Movimento | |
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| 1937 |
| | | German planes bomb the Basque capital, Guernica, in support of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War | |
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| 1937 |
| | | Pablo Picasso's massive painting Guernica is exhibited in the Spanish pavilion at the World Fair in Paris | |
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| 1939 |
| | | Madrid falls to the Nationalist forces, bringing the Spanish Civil War to an end and Franco to power | |
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| 1939 |
| | | Joaquin Rodrigo's concerto for guitar and orchestra, the Concierto de Aranjuez, has its first performance in Barcelona | |
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| 1939 September 1 |
| | | Spain and Portugal declare that they will maintain their neutrality in the European war that now seems inevitable | |
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