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| 1939 August 2 |
| | | German-born US physicist Albert Einstein writes to President Roosevelt, warning of the potential of an atomic bomb | |
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| 1940 |
| | | Radar masts along the coasts of Britain give early warning of German air attacks | |
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| 1942 June 7 |
| | | US physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer is appointed director of the Manhattan Project to develop a nuclear weapon | |
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| 1942 December 2 |
| | | Enrico Fermi and his team in Chicago achieve the first nuclear chain reaction | |
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| 1945 July 16 |
| | | US scientists succeed in exploding an atom bomb at Alamogordo, a test site in the New Mexican desert | |
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| 1945 August 6 |
| | | An atom bomb is dropped on Hiroshima, destroying four square miles of the city and killing 80,000 people | |
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| 1946 |
| | | The first of about 20 US tests of atomic and hydrogen bombs is carried out on Bikini Atoll, in the Pacific | |
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| 1947 |
| | | Hungarian-born British engineer Dennis Gabor creates the first three-dimensional image from reflected light, subsequently known as a hologram | |
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| 1947 |
| | | The first transistor is produced in the Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey | |
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| 1949 |
| | | The first Soviet atomic bomb, called by the Americans Joe One, is successfully tested in Kazakhstan | |
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