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| 1854 |
| | | Florence Nightingale, responding to reports of horrors in the Crimea, sets sail with a party of twenty-eight nurses | |
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| 1855 |
| | | Jamaican-born nurse Mary Seacole sets up her own 'British Hotel' in the Crimea to provide food and nursing for soldiers in need | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Florence Nightingale opens a training school for nurses in St Thomas's Hospital, establishing nursing as a profession | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Hungarian physician Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis publishes his discovery that deaths from puerperal fever can be dramatically reduced by a strict hand-washing routine | |
|  | The dissecting room
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1865 |
| | | English surgeon Joseph Lister introduces the era of antiseptic surgery, with the use of carbolic acid in the operating theatre | |
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| 1875 |
| | | An outbreak of measles in Fiji, brought to the islands by British visitors, kills a quarter of the population | |
|  | Medicine man, Australia
Wellcome Library, London
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| c. 1882 |
| | | German bacteriologist Robert Koch announces his discovery of the bacillus that causes tuberculosis | |
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| 1885 |
| | | Louis Pasteur uses rabies inoculation to save the life of 9-year-old Joseph Meister, bitten by a rabid dog | |
|  | Jupille struggling with a rabid dog
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1887 |
| | | A German physiologist, Adolf Fick, grinds a pair of lenses to fit snugly in contact with a patient's eyeballs | |
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| 1897 |
| | | British physician Ronald Ross identifies the Anopheles mosquito as the carrier of malaria | |
|  | Anopheles mosquito
Wellcome Photo Library
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