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| c. 500 BC |
| | | Nok terracotta figures, found in modern Nigeria, stand at the beginning of the rich tradition of African sculpture | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Ife emerges as a powerful kingdom in the equatorial forest of the lower Niger | |
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| c. 1600 |
| | | The Yoruba develop an extensive empire centred on Oyo in southern Nigeria | |
|  | Beaded crown of a Yoruba ruler
Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter
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| 1795 |
| | | Mungo Park sets off on his first expedition to explore the Niger on behalf of the African Association | |
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| 1809 |
| | | The Fulani establish a capital at Sokoto, from which they dominate the Hausa kingdoms of northern Nigeria | |
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| 1830 |
| | | Richard Lander and his brother John explore the lower reaches of the Niger, proving that the great river is navigable | |
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| 1832 |
| | | The paddle steamer Alburkah becomes the first ocean-going iron ship, completing the journey from England to the Niger | |
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| c. 1841 |
| | | Britain sends four naval ships up the river Niger to make anti-slavery treaties with local kings | |
|  | Anti-slavery treaty with African chiefs
National Archives, Kew
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| 1854 |
| | | William Baikie, on an expedition up the Niger, protects his men from malaria by administering quinine | |
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