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| 1295 |
| | The new Mameluke dynasty in Egypt begins a systematic campaign to drive the Crusaders out of the Middle East | |
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| c. 1270 |
| | The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt | |
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| 1324 |
| | Mansa Musa, sultan of the gold-rich African state of Mali, is so lavish in Cairo (on his way to Mecca) that the value of Egyptian gold slumps | |
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| 1517 |
| | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| from 1517 |
| | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1798 |
| | Napoleon, with distinguished scientists in his fleet, sails to invade Egypt | |
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| 1798 |
| | Napoleon's campaign in Egypt begins well with the Battle of the Pyramids, a victory over an Egyptian army | |
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| 1798 |
| | Disaster strikes the French in Egypt when Nelson finds their fleet in Aboukir Bay and destroys it in the Battle of the Nile | |
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| 1799 |
| | Napoleon's soldiers discover a black basalt slab, the Rosetta Stone, near the village of Rashid in Egypt | |
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| 1799 |
| | Napoleon abandons his army in Egypt and returns hastily to Paris at a time of great political opportunity | |
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