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| c. 1677 |
| | Baruch Spinoza's Ethics, dealing with God, the mind and the emotions, is published shortly after his death | |
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| 1678 |
| | Christiaan Huygens expounds the theory that light consists of a vibration forming a ripple of waves | |
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| 1688 |
| | English grandees invite William III of Orange and his wife Mary, daughter of James II, to claim the British throne | |
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| 1697 |
| | The Russian tsar, Peter I, studies western European technology, working as a ship's carpenter in Dutch and English shipyards | |
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| c. 1700 |
| | Holland and England are now producing the magnificent ocean-going merchant vessels known as East Indiamen | |
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| 1714 |
| | In the aftermath of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Spanish Netherlands are transferred to Austria | |
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| 1746 |
| | The French commander Maurice de Saxe succeeds in occupying the entire Austrian Netherlands | |
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| 1792 |
| | After their success at Valmy, French republican armies overrun much of the Austrian Netherlands | |
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| 1795 |
| | The Netherlands, forced by invasion into the French camp, is transformed into the Batavian republic | |
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| 1797 |
| | Napoleon achieves the peace of Campo Formio, by which Austria cedes the Austrian Netherlands and northern Italy to France | |
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