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| 969 |
| | The Fatimids establish a new capital city on the Nile, calling it Al Kahira ('the victorious'), which becomes reduced to Cairo | |
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| 1171 |
| | Saladin deposes the Fatimid caliph and brings Egypt back to orthodoxy, acknowledging the rule of the Sunni caliph in Baghdad | |
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| c. 1180 |
| | In Cairo the Jewish philosoper Moses Maimonides writes, in Arabic, a much translated text with the endearing title Guide to the Perplexed | |
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| 1219 |
| | St Francis of Assisi joins a crusading army in Egypt and attempts to convert the sultan Melek-el-Kamel and his followers to Christianity | |
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| 1250 |
| | The last sultan of Saladin's dynasty is murdered by slaves in the palace guard, and Mameluke rule is reintroduced in Egypt | |
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| 1295 |
| | The new Mameluke dynasty in Egypt begins a systematic campaign to drive the Crusaders out of the Middle East | |
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| c. 1270 |
| | The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt | |
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| 1324 |
| | Mansa Musa, sultan of the gold-rich African state of Mali, is so lavish in Cairo (on his way to Mecca) that the value of Egyptian gold slumps | |
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| 1517 |
| | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| from 1517 |
| | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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