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| 1191 |
| | | The Muslim garrison of Acre surrenders to Richard I, who orders the massacre of 2700 of its members | |
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| 1228 |
| | | Frederick II, leader of the sixth crusade, briefly recovers Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiating with the Muslims | |
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| 1315 |
| | | Islam replaces Christianity as the religion of the kings of Dongola, in present-day Sudan | |
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| 1445 |
| | | A Muslim ruler is established in Malacca, forming the first of many Muslim dynasties in the Malay archipelago | |
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| 1464 |
| | | Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam | |
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| 1492 |
| | | Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1525 |
| | | Muslims throughout Spain are ordered to convert to Christianity or to leave the kingdom | |
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| 1530 |
| | | Ahmad ibn Ibrahim leads Muslim Somalis in a holy war against Christian Ethiopia, destroying churches and shrines | |
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