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| 1587 |
| | | Francis Drake sails into a crowded Cadiz harbour and destroys some thirty Spanish ships | |
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| 1588 |
| | | The more nimble English fleet destroys the galleons of the Spanish Armada, introducing a new kind of naval warfare | |
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| 1605 |
| | | Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes publishes the first part of his satirically romantic novel Don Quixote | |
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| 1609 |
| | | A law is passed expelling the Moriscos from Spain, with the result that some 300,000 are shipped to north Africa | |
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| 1623 |
| | | Diego Velazquez becomes court painter to the king of Spain - a post which he will hold for the remaining thirty-seven years of his life | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Spain recognizes the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands | |
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| c. 1655 |
| | | Diego Velazquez paints his only surviving female nude, The Toilet of Venus (known as the Rokeby Venus) | |
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| 1656 |
| | | Velazquez, in Las Meninas, paints himself painting the king and queen of Spain | |
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| 1668 |
| | | Spain finally accepts the independence of the kingdom of Portugal, after nearly a century of Spanish rule | |
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| 1697 |
| | | In the Treaty of Rijswijk, Spain cedes the western half of Hispaniola to France, which names its new colony Saint-Domingue | |
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