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| 1543 |
| | | Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes a seven-volume work which for the first time lays bare human anatomy | |
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| c. 1565 |
| | | Pieter Brueghel the Elder depicts biblical events taking place among the peasants of the Netherlands countryside | |
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| 1567 |
| | | The duke of Alba introduces a reign of terror in the Spanish Netherlands, by means of a tribunal known as the Council of Blood | |
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| 1569 |
| | | Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator publishes a map of the world, using the projection now known by his name | |
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| 1576 |
| | | The Pacification of Ghent unites all the provinces of the Netherlands in opposition to Spain | |
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| 1579 |
| | | The Union of Arras and the Union of Utrecht split the Netherlands into Catholic and Protestant camps | |
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| 1595 |
| | | A year after Mercator's death, his son publishes a bound collection of his maps with the title Atlas, or Cosmographic Meditations | |
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| 1608 |
| | | Rubens returns from Italy to Antwerp, where he soon establishes Europe's most successful and prolific studio | |
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| 1608 |
| | | A shipload of Puritans, among them some of the future Pilgrim Fathers, sail from Boston in Lincolnshire to seek religious freedom in Holland | |
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| 1618 |
| | | The 19-year-old Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck is employed by Rubens in Antwerp as his chief assistant | |
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