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| 1517 |
| | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| 1517 |
| | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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| from 1517 |
| | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1521 |
| | The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade | |
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| 1526 |
| | The Hungarian king, Louis II, is killed in battle at Mohacs, where the Turks win a crushing victory | |
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| 1541 |
| | Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary | |
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| 1547 |
| | Hungary is divided, by agreement between the Turkish sultan Suleiman I and the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I | |
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| 1571 |
| | Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto | |
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| 1573 |
| | Venice cedes the island of Cyprus to the Turks, in spite of the Christian victory at Lepanto two years earlier | |
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| 1574 |
| | The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates | |
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