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| c. 1200 |
| | German pressure eastwards (the Drang nach Osten) steadily brings colonists into regions previously occupied by Slavs | |
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| 1237 |
| | Batu Khan and his Mongols sweep into Russia, where they and their descendants become known as the Golden Horde | |
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| 1241 |
| | Mongols of the Golden Horde defeat the Poles at Legnica and ravage the city of Cracow | |
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| 1241 |
| | Mongols of the Golden Horde reach Hungary, where they graze their horses for the summer before withdrawing to the Volga | |
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| 1256 |
| | Hulagu and his horde of Mongols cross the Amu Darya river and move against Muslim Persia | |
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| 1269 |
| | The Marinids, a Berber tribe, take Marrakech and bring to an end Almohad rule in Morocco | |
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| 1274 |
| | The Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274 seems to confirm the doom and disaster foretold by the Buddhist prophet Nichiren | |
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| c. 1345 |
| | The Aztecs settle on an uninhabited island in a lake, which they name Tenochtitlan — the site of the modern Mexico City | |
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| 1354 |
| | Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe | |
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| 1543 |
| | The first Europeans reach Japan by accident, blown ashore in a storm | |
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