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| 1571 |
| | | Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto | |
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| 1575 |
| | | The armies of Spain develop a powerful version of the ancient phalanx, which becomes known as the Spanish square | |
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| 1576 |
| | | The Pacification of Ghent unites all the provinces of the Netherlands in opposition to Spain | |
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| 1577 |
| | | Domenikos Theotokopoulos moves to Spain, where he becomes known as El Greco | |
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| 1579 |
| | | Francis Drake seizes a Spanish vessel laden with gold and silver in the Pacific, formerly a safe area for Spain | |
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| 1580 |
| | | A Spanish army marches into Portugal to claim the crown for the king of Spain, Philip II | |
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| 1581 |
| | | In the Oath of Abjuration the northern provinces of the Netherlands formally reject the rule of the Spanish king, Philip II | |
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| 1585 |
| | | England's queen Elizabeth sends 6000 troops to support the Dutch rebels against Spain | |
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| 1587 |
| | | Francis Drake sails into a crowded Cadiz harbour and destroys some thirty Spanish ships | |
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| 1588 |
| | | The more nimble English fleet destroys the galleons of the Spanish Armada, introducing a new kind of naval warfare | |
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