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| 1555 |
| | | Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne | |
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| 1563 |
| | | The Northern Seven Years' War breaks out between Denmark and Sweden | |
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| 1571 |
| | | Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto | |
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| 1572 |
| | | Sea beggars seize the town of Brill and raise the flag of William of Orange (also known as William the Silent) | |
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| 1573 |
| | | The city of Alkmaar is saved when the Dutch breach their own dikes, threatening the Spanish troops with death by drowning | |
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| 1575 |
| | | The armies of Spain develop a powerful version of the ancient phalanx, which becomes known as the Spanish square | |
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| 1585 |
| | | England's queen Elizabeth sends 6000 troops to support the Dutch rebels against Spain | |
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| 1587 |
| | | Francis Drake sails into a crowded Cadiz harbour and destroys some thirty Spanish ships | |
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| 1588 |
| | | The more nimble English fleet destroys the galleons of the Spanish Armada, introducing a new kind of naval warfare | |
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| 1588 |
| | | The tactics used against the Armada reveal that the sailing ships themselves have become fighting machines, as men-of-war | |
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