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| 1549 |
| | | The first Portuguese governor general of Brazil selects Bahia (now Salvador) as his capital | |
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| 1556 |
| | | The division by Charles V of his territories means that there are now two Habsburg empires, Austrian and Spanish | |
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| 1558 |
| | | William Cecil, later Lord Burghley, becomes Elizabeth's principal secretary - and remains in the post for forty years | |
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| c. 1570 |
| | | The Ashanti establish a powerful kingdom in present-day Ghana, with their capital at Kumasi | |
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| 1571 |
| | | The Philippines and its governor general are placed under the authority of the Spanish governor of New Spain, ruling from Mexico City | |
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| 1574 |
| | | The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates | |
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| 1576 |
| | | The Pacification of Ghent unites all the provinces of the Netherlands in opposition to Spain | |
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| 1581 |
| | | Finland is granted the status of a separate grand duchy within the realm of Sweden | |
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| 1588 |
| | | Seven provinces of the northern Netherlands consider themselves a new republic - the United Provinces | |
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| 1598 |
| | | Shah Abbas builds up Isfahan as a spectacular new capital of the Persian empire | |
|  | Friday Mosque, Isfahan
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