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| 1503 |
| | | The marriage of James IV, king of Scotland, to Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, leads a century later to the Union of the Crowns | |
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| 1511 |
| | | The earliest surviving curling stone, discovered in Scotland, dates from this year | |
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| 1513 |
| | | James IV of Scotland dies at Flodden, in the disastrous defeat of his army by the English | |
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| 1513 |
| | | On the death of his father at Flodden, the one-year-old James V becomes king of Scotland | |
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| 1542 |
| | | A one-week-old Scottish infant, daughter of James V, inherits the throne as Mary Queen of Scots | |
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| 1558 |
| | | Mary Queen of Scots marries the heir to the French throne, who a year later succeeds as Francis II | |
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| c. 1558 |
| | | With its strong French connection, the Scottish royal name of Stewart begins to be spelt Stuart (there being no 'w' in native French words) | |
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| 1559 |
| | | John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva and inspires the Protestants to march on Edinburgh | |
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| 1561 |
| | | Mary Queen of Scots returns from France to Edinburgh, and to an inevitable clash with John Knox | |
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| 1565 |
| | | Mary Queen of Scots marries her Catholic cousin, Henry Darnley | |
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