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| c. 50 |
| | | The Roman surgeon Cornelius Celsus describes in De Medicina how to cut stones from a patient's bladder | |
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| 158 |
| | | A new doctor, Galen, is appointed to look after the gladiators at Pergamum | |
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| c. 950 |
| | | Medieval Europe's first institute of higher education is established, with the founding of the medical school at Salerno | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | The first illustrated manual of surgery is written by Abul Kasim, an Arab physician in Cordoba | |
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| c. 1020 |
| | | The Persian scholar Avicenna, author of encyclopedic works on philosophy and medicine, spends the last part of his life in Isfahan | |
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| 1100 |
| | | Conjoined twins Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst are born in Biddenden, in Kent | |
|  | Conjoined female twins
Wellcome Library, London
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| c. 1489 |
| | | Leonardo da Vinci begins an unprecedented series of detailed anatomical drawings, based on corpses dissected in Rome | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | European diseases bring death on a massive scale to an American population that has no immunity | |
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| 1513 |
| | | Eucharius Rösslin publishes the first textbook for midwives, later translated into English as The byrthe of mankynde | |
|  | Woman on a birthing stool
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1543 |
| | | Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes a seven-volume work which for the first time lays bare human anatomy | |
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