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| c. 270 BC |
| | On the small Greek island of Samos an astronomer, Aristarchus, comes to the startling conclusion that the earth is in orbit round the sun | |
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| c. 140 BC |
| | The Greek astronomer Hipparchus is credited with the invention of the astrolabe, measuring the angle of sun or star above the horizon | |
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| c. 130 BC |
| | The Greek astronomer Hipparchus, mapping the stars, observes but cannot explain the precession of the equinoxes | |
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| 129 BC |
| | Hipparchus completes the first scientific star catalogue, mapping some 850 stars | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | The Maya introduce a calendar which has a cycle of fifty-two years, known as the Calendar Round | |
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| 45 BC |
| | Julius Caesar's new calendar is introduced, at a time when its predecessor has become out of step with the seasons by three months | |
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| c. 150 |
| | Ptolemy writes in Alexandria an encyclopedic account of Greek scientific theory in cosmology, astronomy and geography | |
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| 921 |
| | The Jewish calendar, deriving originally from the example of Babylon, is given its lasting form | |
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| 1054 |
| | Astronomers in China and Japan observe the explosion of the supernova which is still visible as the Crab Nebula | |
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| 1066 |
| | Halley's comet, appearing in the Normans' annus mirabilis, is later depicted in the Bayeux tapestry | |
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