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| 656 |
| | | Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra | |
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| 661 |
| | | Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty | |
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| 750 |
| | | The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate | |
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| 762 |
| | | The Abbasid caliphs create Baghdad as a new capital city on the Tigris | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | The luxury of Baghdad, under the caliph Harun al-Rashid, is evident in the Thousand and One Nights | |
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| c. 850 |
| | | The caliphs in Baghdad begin to employ Turkish slaves, or Mamelukes, in their armies | |
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| 1055 |
| | | Togrul Beg enters Baghdad and is granted by the caliph the title of sultan, which becomes hereditary in his Seljuk dynasty | |
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| 1171 |
| | | Saladin deposes the Fatimid caliph and brings Egypt back to orthodoxy, acknowledging the rule of the Sunni caliph in Baghdad | |
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| 1258 |
| | | When Hulagu and his Mongol army reach Baghdad, in 1258, it is said that 800,000 of the inhabitants are killed - and the caliph is kicked to death | |
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