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| | | | South Africa |
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| c. 15 million years ago |
| | | A primate of this period, at ease both in the trees and on the ground, is probably the common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans | |
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| c. 6 million years ago |
| | | Various species of ape develop the habit of walking upright on two feet | |
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| c. 4.5 million years ago |
| | | Certain primates, in eastern and southern Africa, are by now sufficiently like humans to be classed as hominids | |
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| c. 1.6 million years ago |
| | | Humans in coastal areas of South Africa extend their diet to include shellfish and other marine sources of food | |
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| 77,000 years ago |
| | | In the Blombos cave in South Africa stones are engraved with patterns of lines, either decorative or practical (as a form of tally) | |
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| c. 30,000 years ago |
| | | Painted and engraved images, on the rock face in a cave near Twyfelfontein in Namibia, date from this period | |
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| c. 600 BC |
| | | Phoenicians sail round the Cape of Good Hope and bring back the surprising news that the sun was seen to the north of them | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | A trading centre at Mapungubwe, on the Limpopo, evolves into a state ruled by a king in a zimbabwe | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | | The kingdom of Great Zimbabwe displaces Mapungubwe as the dominant Shona power in this region of southern Africa | |
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| c. 1480 |
| | | The Maravi Confederacy is formed by Bantu tribes and soon wins control over a large region between Lake Nyasa and the Zambezi | |
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