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| 1099 |
| | | Konya, in central Turkey, becomes the capital of the Seljuk Turks, who call themselves sultans of Rum | |
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| 1182 |
| | | Resentment of western merchants results in a massacre of Roman Catholics by fellow Christians in Constantinople | |
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| 1190 |
| | | The third crusade suffers an early disaster when its first leader, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, is drowned crossing the Calycadnus river | |
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| 1204 |
| | | The crusaders of the fourth crusade besiege, take and destroy the Christian city of Constantinople | |
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| 1204 |
| | | The Byzantine empire continues, in much reduced form, with a new capital at Nicaea | |
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| 1204 |
| | | A Latin empire is set up in Constantinople on the same basis as the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem | |
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| c. 1205 |
| | | Many of the treasures adorning the church of San Marco in Venice are loot taken from Constantinople during the fourth crusade | |
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| c. 1285 |
| | | Osman inherits the leadership of the tribal group later known by a version of his name, as the Ottoman Turks | |
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| 1347 |
| | | Turkish tribes, besieging Genoese merchants in Caffa, lob the corpses of plague victims over the town walls and thus spread the Black Death | |
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| 1354 |
| | | Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe | |
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