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| c. 50 |
| | A western adaptation of the Persian cult of Mithras, evolving probably in Anatolia, is spread through the empire by the Roman army | |
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| c. 100 |
| | The network of Roman roads stretches eventually from England to Egypt | |
| | Roman road, Pompeii Fotofile CG
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| c. 300 |
| | The Jews of the Diaspora have by now spread through much of the Roman empire, where they are treated with tolerance | |
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| 303 |
| | The emperor Diocletian initiates a sustained persecution of Christians in the Roman empire | |
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| c. 670 |
| | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| c. 700 |
| | The ancient kingdom of Ghana is the first to be established at the southern end of the Saharan trade routes | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | Ife emerges as a powerful kingdom in the equatorial forest of the lower Niger | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | Greek texts, translated by Arabic scholars in Baghdad, gradually make their way through the Muslim world to Christian Europe | |
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| c. 1200 |
| | Terracotta heads and figures are buried in graves in the region of Djenné in modern Mali | |
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