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| 637 |
| | | The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty | |
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| 656 |
| | | Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra | |
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| 680 |
| | | Husayn, the son of Ali, dies at Karbala in a battle against rival Muslims and becomes the most holy of Shi'ite martyrs | |
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| c. 750 |
| | | Karaism, relying on scripture rather than rabbinical commentary, develops among the Jewish community in Babylon | |
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| 762 |
| | | The Abbasid caliphs create Baghdad as a new capital city on the Tigris | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | The use of zero, essential in practical mathematics, is now familiar in India and is adopted in Baghdad | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | Scholars in Baghdad begin translating Greek and Syriac texts into Arabic | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | The luxury of Baghdad, under the caliph Harun al-Rashid, is evident in the Thousand and One Nights | |
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| from the 9th century |
| | | The ancient site of the city of Babylon is gradually abandoned and becomes covered in silt from the Euphrates, until archaelogical excavation begins in the 19th century | |
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| c. 850 |
| | | The caliphs in Baghdad begin to employ Turkish slaves, or Mamelukes, in their armies | |
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