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| 612 BC |
| | | The Medes and the Babylonians destroy Nineveh and bring to an end the power of Assyria | |
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| 605 BC |
| | | Nebuchadnezzar comes to the throne of Babylon, beginning a prosperous reign of more than forty years | |
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| 586 BC |
| | | The Jews, taken into captivity in Babylon, form the first community of the Diaspora | |
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| c. 580 BC |
| | | Nebuchadnezzar builds the hanging gardens of Babylon, supposedly to comfort a homesick wife | |
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| c. 580 BC |
| | | The synagogue, as a simple place of Jewish worship, develops during the Babylonian captivity | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | The optimistic concept of the Messiah is part of the Jewish response to captivity in Babylon | |
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| 539 BC |
| | | A Persian army captures Babylon and brings it into the empire of Cyrus the Great | |
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| 323 BC |
| | | Alexander, still only 33, dies in Babylon following a banquet | |
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| 312 BC |
| | | Seleucia is founded as a new capital on the Tigris, eclipsing Babylon and recycling much of the older city as building material | |
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| c. 100 BC |
| | | The Parthians develop the site of Ctesiphon, on the east bank of the Tigris opposite Seleucia | |
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