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| 53 BC |
| | | Crasssus is killed at Carrhae, in Turkey, when the Parthians defeat his army, largely thanks to their brilliance as mounted archers | |
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| 52 BC |
| | | In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls | |
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| 49 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Civil war breaks out in Egypt between Ptolemy XIII and his sister Cleopatra, each scheming to become sole ruler | |
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| 42 BC |
| | | Octavian and Mark Antony defeat the armies of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, after which Brutus and Cassius commit suicide | |
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| 31 BC |
| | | Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra (both are at sea with their fleets) in a battle off the Greek coast at Actium | |
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| 66 |
| | | Josephus is in Jerusalem at the start of the rebellion against the Romans, and will later describe its suppression in his Jewish War | |
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| c. 300 |
| | | Horses strong enough to carry men wearing armour are put to good use by northern barbarians, and by Romans in border regions such as Dacia | |
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| 407 |
| | | The Roman city of Nîmes is sacked by the Vandals, in an early indication of the gradual loss of Gaul to the Germanic tribes | |
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| 410 |
| | | Alaric and the Visigoths enter Rome and plunder the city - the first foreign intruders for eight centuries | |
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