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| 48 BC |
| | | Civil war breaks out in Egypt between Ptolemy XIII and his sister Cleopatra, each scheming to become sole ruler | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Pompey, seeking in Egypt refuge from Caesar, is first welcomed and then murdered by the faction of Ptolemy XIII | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Caesar, reaching Egypt, is not pleased when sent by Ptolemy XIII the gift of Pompey's severed head, already embalmed | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers | |
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| 44 BC |
| | | Soon after the assassination of Caesar, Cleopatra and Caesarion return to Egypt | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Octavian arrives in Egypt with an army, and holds Cleopatra a prisoner in her palace in Alexandria | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast, | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | The Egyptians declare Caesarion to be their pharaoh, but it is not long before he is executed by Octavian - bringing to an end the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Octavian annexes Egypt as a Roman territory and takes back to Rome the vast treasures of the Egyptian pharaohs | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control | |
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