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| c. 260 BC |
| | | The 500,000 scrolls in the library at Alexandria are listed in a catalogue, which itself runs to 120 scrolls | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | | The organ, using a mechanical device to pump air through a set of musical pipes, is invented in Alexandria by Ctesibius | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | | The first alchemists, working in Alexandria, are also the world's first experimental chemists | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers | |
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| 47 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar leaves Alexandria to travel with his army by the land route back to Italy, through Turkey | |
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| 41 BC |
| | | Mark Antony spends the winter with Cleopatra in Alexandria | |
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| 34 BC |
| | | In a spectacular cerermony known as the Donations of Alexandria, Mark Antony distributes the eastern Roman territories between Cleopatra, her eldest son (Caesarion) and his own three children | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Octavian arrives in Egypt with an army, and holds Cleopatra a prisoner in her palace in Alexandria | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Hearing that Cleopatra is dead (false news, as it turns out), Mark Antony commits suicide in Alexandria | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast, | |
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