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| c. 500 BC |
| | The Celts, moving west from central Europe, settle in France and northern Spain | |
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| c. 240 BC |
| | Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 228 BC |
| | Hamilcar Barca dies fighting in Spain, after establishing a strong Carthaginian presence in the peninusula | |
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| c. 225 BC |
| | A treaty defines the Ebro river as the Spanish boundary between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 221 BC |
| | Hannibal succeeds to the command of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, on the death of his brother-in-law Hasdrubal | |
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| 201 BC |
| | Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War | |
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| 61 BC |
| | Caesar sets off to take up a post as governor of southern Spain, where a series of profitable raids improve his finances | |
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| 49 BC |
| | Julius Caesar moves fast to drive Pompey's supporters from Italy and to crush forces loyal to him in Spain | |
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| 46 BC |
| | Julius Caesar goes to Africa to confront the remainder of Pompey's forces, and defeats them at Thapsus – but two of Pompey's sons escape to Spain | |
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| 45 BC |
| | In the final act of his long struggle with supporters of Pompey, Julius Caesar defeats their last survivors at Munda in Spain | |
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